Send push with Expo through Courier

Prerequisites

Setup

Open the in Courier and enable it. The integration needs no credentials, because Courier delivers using the Expo push tokens on each recipient’s profile.

Profile requirements

Device tokens live on the user profile rather than on the send, so one profile can hold tokens for several devices and every push provider reads them from the same place. covers the model. Expo addresses the device by Exponent push token, so the profile you send to needs an expo object. Store the token once with , which merges into the profile and creates it if it does not exist:

One device
Several devices

Pass one device’s token as a string to expo.token.

const profile = await client.profiles.create('user_123', {
  profile: {
    expo: {
      token: 'ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]',
    },
  },
});

profile = client.profiles.create(
    user_id="user_123",
    profile={
        "expo": {
            "token": "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]",
        },
    },
)

curl --request POST \
  --url https://api.courier.com/profiles/user_123 \
  --header "Authorization: Bearer $COURIER_API_KEY" \
  --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  --data '{
    "profile": {
      "expo": {
        "token": "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]"
      }
    }
  }'

profile = courier.profiles.create(
  "user_123",
  profile: {
    expo: {
      token: "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]"
    }
  }
)

profile, err := client.Profiles.New(
	context.TODO(),
	"user_123",
	courier.ProfileNewParams{
		Profile: map[string]any{
			"expo": map[string]any{
				"token": "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]",
			},
		},
	},
)

ProfileCreateParams params = ProfileCreateParams.builder()
    .userId("user_123")
    .profile(ProfileCreateParams.Profile.builder()
        .putAdditionalProperty("expo", JsonValue.from(java.util.Map.of(
            "token", "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]")))
        .build())
    .build();
ProfileCreateResponse profile = client.profiles().create(params);

$profile = $client->profiles->create('user_123', profile: [
  'expo' => [
    'token' => 'ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]',
  ],
]);

ProfileCreateParams parameters = new()
{
    UserID = "user_123",
    Profile = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Dictionary<string, JsonElement>>(
        """
        {
          "expo": {
            "token": "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]"
          }
        }
        """
    ),
};
var profile = await client.Profiles.Create(parameters);

courier profiles create \
  --api-key "$COURIER_API_KEY" \
  --user-id user_123 \
  --profile '{"expo":{"token":"ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]"}}'

With Courier MCP, save the Expo push token ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx] on user_123.

To reach every device on a profile, pass the tokens as an array to expo.tokens.

const profile = await client.profiles.create('user_123', {
  profile: {
    expo: {
      tokens: [
        'ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]',
        'ExponentPushToken[yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy]',
      ],
    },
  },
});

profile = client.profiles.create(
    user_id="user_123",
    profile={
        "expo": {
            "tokens": [
                "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]",
                "ExponentPushToken[yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy]",
            ],
        },
    },
)

curl --request POST \
  --url https://api.courier.com/profiles/user_123 \
  --header "Authorization: Bearer $COURIER_API_KEY" \
  --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  --data '{
    "profile": {
      "expo": {
        "tokens": [
          "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]",
          "ExponentPushToken[yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy]"
        ]
      }
    }
  }'

profile = courier.profiles.create(
  "user_123",
  profile: {
    expo: {
      tokens: ["ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]", "ExponentPushToken[yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy]"]
    }
  }
)

profile, err := client.Profiles.New(
	context.TODO(),
	"user_123",
	courier.ProfileNewParams{
		Profile: map[string]any{
			"expo": map[string]any{
				"tokens": []any{"ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]", "ExponentPushToken[yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy]"},
			},
		},
	},
)

ProfileCreateParams params = ProfileCreateParams.builder()
    .userId("user_123")
    .profile(ProfileCreateParams.Profile.builder()
        .putAdditionalProperty("expo", JsonValue.from(java.util.Map.of(
            "tokens", java.util.List.of("ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]", "ExponentPushToken[yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy]"))))
        .build())
    .build();
ProfileCreateResponse profile = client.profiles().create(params);

$profile = $client->profiles->create('user_123', profile: [
  'expo' => [
    'tokens' => ['ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]', 'ExponentPushToken[yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy]'],
  ],
]);

ProfileCreateParams parameters = new()
{
    UserID = "user_123",
    Profile = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Dictionary<string, JsonElement>>(
        """
        {
          "expo": {
            "tokens": [
              "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]",
              "ExponentPushToken[yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy]"
            ]
          }
        }
        """
    ),
};
var profile = await client.Profiles.Create(parameters);

courier profiles create \
  --api-key "$COURIER_API_KEY" \
  --user-id user_123 \
  --profile '{"expo":{"tokens":["ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]","ExponentPushToken[yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy]"]}}'

With Courier MCP, save both of my Expo push tokens on user_123.

If you pass both token and tokens, Courier merges token into the tokens array and dedupes it.

Then send to user_id and Courier resolves the address. For a one-off with no stored profile, pass it inline instead: "to": { "expo": { "token": "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]" } }.

Send by user id

The call in every language, and the rest of the profile object.

Send to a recipient

Send to user id
Send to a token

Courier reads expo off the saved profile, so preferences apply and the value can change without touching this code.

const { requestId } = await courier.send.message({
  message: {
    to: {
      user_id: "user_123",
    },
    template: "nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40",
  },
});

response = client.send.message(
    message={
        "to": {
            "user_id": "user_123",
        },
        "template": "nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40",
    },
)

curl -X POST https://api.courier.com/send \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $COURIER_API_KEY" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "message": {
      "to": {
        "user_id": "user_123"
      },
      "template": "nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40"
    }
  }'

response = courier.send_.message(
  message: {
    to: {
      user_id: "user_123"
    },
    template: "nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40"
  }
)

response, err := client.Send.Message(context.TODO(), courier.SendMessageParams{
	Message: courier.SendMessageParamsMessage{
		To: courier.SendMessageParamsMessageToUnion{
			OfUserRecipient: &shared.UserRecipientParam{
				UserID: courier.String("user_123"),
			},
		},
		Template: courier.String("nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40"),
	},
})

SendMessageParams params = SendMessageParams.builder()
    .message(SendMessageParams.Message.builder()
        .to(UserRecipient.builder().userId("user_123").build())
        .template("nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40")
        .build())
    .build();
SendMessageResponse response = client.send().message(params);

$response = $client->send->message(
  message: [
    'to' => [
      'user_id' => 'user_123',
    ],
    'template' => 'nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40',
  ],
);

SendMessageParams parameters = new()
{
    Message = new()
    {
        To = new UserRecipient { UserID = "user_123" },
        Template = "nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40",
    },
};

var response = await client.Send.Message(parameters);

courier send message \
  --api-key "$COURIER_API_KEY" \
  --message.to '{"user_id": "user_123"}' \
  --message.template nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40

With Courier MCP, send my template to user_123 by email.

Pass it inline instead and nothing is stored. Swap this to object into the call on the other tab.

const { requestId } = await courier.send.message({
  message: {
    // A provider recipient is a profile field, so it sits outside the typed union.
    to: {
      expo: {
        token: "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]",
      },
    } as any,
    template: "nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40",
  },
});

response = client.send.message(
    message={
        "to": {
            "expo": {
                "token": "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]",
            },
        },
        "template": "nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40",
    },
)

curl -X POST https://api.courier.com/send \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $COURIER_API_KEY" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "message": {
      "to": {
        "expo": {
          "token": "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]"
        }
      },
      "template": "nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40"
    }
  }'

response = courier.send_.message(
  message: {
    to: {
      expo: {
        token: "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]"
      }
    },
    template: "nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40"
  }
)

// A provider recipient is a profile field, so it sits outside the typed union.
to := param.Override[shared.UserRecipientParam](
	json.RawMessage(`{"expo": {"token": "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]"}}`),
)

response, err := client.Send.Message(context.TODO(), courier.SendMessageParams{
	Message: courier.SendMessageParamsMessage{
		To: courier.SendMessageParamsMessageToUnion{OfUserRecipient: &to},
		Template: courier.String("nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40"),
	},
})

// A provider recipient is a profile field, so it sits outside the typed union.
UserRecipient to = UserRecipient.builder()
    .putAdditionalProperty("expo", JsonValue.from(Map.of(
            "token", "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]")))
    .build();

client.send().message(SendMessageParams.builder()
    .message(SendMessageParams.Message.builder()
        .to(to)
        .template("nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40")
        .build())
    .build());

$response = $client->send->message(
  message: [
    'to' => [
      'expo' => [
        'token' => 'ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]',
      ],
    ],
    'template' => 'nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40',
  ],
);

// A provider recipient is a profile field, so it sits outside the typed union.
UserRecipient to = UserRecipient.FromRawUnchecked(
    JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Dictionary<string, JsonElement>>(
        """{"expo": {"token": "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]"}}"""
    )
);

var response = await client.Send.Message(new() { Message = new() { To = to, Template = "nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40" } });

courier send message \
  --api-key "$COURIER_API_KEY" \
  --message.to '{"expo": {"token": "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]"}}' \
  --message.template nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40

With Courier MCP, send my template to that Expo push token.

Overrides

covers the two levels and which one wins. lists the fields every push provider takes. A provider override changes what Courier sends to Expo’s API. Override keys apply at the top level of the Expo message, not nested under body. This request adds a ttl and turns off the sound:

const { requestId } = await courier.send.message({
  message: {
    template: "nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40",
    to: {
      expo: {
        token: "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]",
      },
    },
    data: {
      dataForPushMessage: true,
    },
    providers: {
      expo: {
        override: {
          ttl: 10,
          sound: null,
        },
      },
    },
  },
});

response = client.send.message(
    message={
        "template": "nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40",
        "to": {
            "expo": {
                "token": "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]",
            },
        },
        "data": {
            "dataForPushMessage": True,
        },
        "providers": {
            "expo": {
                "override": {
                    "ttl": 10,
                    "sound": None,
                },
            },
        },
    },
)

curl -X POST https://api.courier.com/send \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $COURIER_API_KEY" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "message": {
      "template": "nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40",
      "to": {
        "expo": {
          "token": "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]"
        }
      },
      "data": {
        "dataForPushMessage": true
      },
      "providers": {
        "expo": {
          "override": {
            "ttl": 10,
            "sound": null
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }'

response = courier.send_.message(
  message: {
    template: "nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40",
    to: {
      expo: {
        token: "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]"
      }
    },
    data: {
      dataForPushMessage: true
    },
    providers: {
      expo: {
        override: {
          ttl: 10,
          sound: nil
        }
      }
    }
  }
)

// This provider addresses the recipient with fields outside the typed
// UserRecipient model, so pass the recipient as raw JSON.
to := param.Override[shared.UserRecipientParam](json.RawMessage(`{
  "expo": {
    "token": "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]"
  }
}`))

response, err := client.Send.Message(context.TODO(), courier.SendMessageParams{
	Message: courier.SendMessageParamsMessage{
		To: courier.SendMessageParamsMessageToUnion{OfUserRecipient: &to},
		Template: courier.String("nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40"),
		Data: map[string]any{
			"dataForPushMessage": true,
		},
		Providers: shared.MessageProvidersParam{
			"expo": shared.MessageProvidersTypeParam{
				Override: map[string]any{
					"ttl": 10,
					"sound": nil,
				},
			},
		},
	},
})

SendMessageParams params = SendMessageParams.builder()
    .message(SendMessageParams.Message.builder()
        // This provider addresses the recipient with fields outside the
        // typed UserRecipient model, so pass them as additional properties.
        .to(UserRecipient.builder()
            .putAdditionalProperty("expo", JsonValue.from(java.util.Map.of(
                "token", "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]"
            )))
            .build())
        .template("nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40")
        .data(JsonValue.from(java.util.Map.of(
            "dataForPushMessage", true
        )))
        .providers(MessageProviders.builder()
            .putAdditionalProperty("expo", JsonValue.from(java.util.Map.of("override", java.util.Map.of(
                    "ttl", 10,
                    "sound", null
                ))))
            .build())
        .build())
    .build();
SendMessageResponse response = client.send().message(params);

$response = $client->send->message(
  message: [
    'template' => 'nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40',
    'to' => [
      'expo' => [
        'token' => 'ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]',
      ],
    ],
    'data' => [
      'dataForPushMessage' => true,
    ],
    'providers' => [
      'expo' => [
        'override' => [
          'ttl' => 10,
          'sound' => null,
        ],
      ],
    ],
  ],
);

SendMessageParams parameters = new()
{
    Message = new()
    {
        // This provider addresses the recipient with fields outside the
        // typed UserRecipient model, so build it from raw JSON.
        To = UserRecipient.FromRawUnchecked(
            JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Dictionary<string, JsonElement>>(
                """
                {
                  "expo": {
                    "token": "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]"
                  }
                }
                """
            )
        ),
        Template = "nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40",
        Data = new Dictionary<string, JsonElement>()
        {
            { "dataForPushMessage", JsonSerializer.SerializeToElement(true) },
        },
        Providers = new Dictionary<string, MessageProvidersType>()
        {
            {
                "expo",
                new()
                {
                    Override = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Dictionary<string, JsonElement>>(
                        """
                        {
                          "ttl": 10,
                          "sound": null
                        }
                        """
                    ),
                }
            },
        },
    },
};

var response = await client.Send.Message(parameters);

courier send message \
  --api-key "$COURIER_API_KEY" \
  --message.to '{"expo": {"token": "ExponentPushToken[xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]"}}' \
  --message.template nt_01kx4h2jdafq8bk9aftxak4b40 \
  --message.data '{"dataForPushMessage": true}' \
  --message.providers '{"expo": {"override": {"ttl": 10, "sound": null}}}'

With Courier MCP, send my template to this Expo push token with a 10 second TTL and no sound.

Each key you set replaces that key outright. Keys you leave out are still generated and sent (title, subtitle, body, and data above). For every option, see Expo’s push notifications docs. To send to specific devices when a user has multiple Expo tokens, see .

Tracking events

Courier includes tracking URL information in the data attribute of the incoming message payload. See

Troubleshooting

Could not find APNs credentials

Expo’s help forum explains how Expo handles APN tokens:

Expo push tokens work quite similarly to how Apple’s tokens work with APN’s, since Expo’s server is a relatively thin service that relays notifications to Apple. Expo needs valid APN credentials to send push notifications. And as with APNs in general (not specific to Expo), it doesn’t matter what APNs credentials you had at the time an iOS device provided a device token - the APN credentials just need to be valid at the time of sending the notification.

So, if you revoke your APNs credentials or clear them from Expo, or if your APNs credentials expire (APN p12 certificates expire after one year), Apple will reject all of your push notifications until you provide Expo with valid APN credentials. To be clear, your Expo push tokens and the underlying iOS device tokens are still valid and will still work once you provide new, valid APN credentials.

In this case, the error Could not find APNs credentials for… means that Expo does not have any copy of your APNs credentials (currently a p12 certificate). You will need to let Expo recreate the credentials for you (recommended in most cases: run exp build:ios -c to clear all of them and then run exp build:ios to let Expo re-provision them) or upload your own credentials from Apple’s developer center (be sure to follow the instructions carefully.

Your push key should be correctly configured at https://expo.dev/accounts/[account]/projects/[project]/credentials?platform=ios
You’ve correctly set your bundle identifier in your configuration
If you are explicitly passing in the experienceId in Notifications.getExpoPushTokenAsync({ experienceId: 'xxxx' }), make sure it is in the format of @expo_account/expo_projectname

Provider details

expo

Courier recommends routing to the channel. Naming this key in routing.channels instead is supported, and sends through just this provider.

Send to a specific provider

When that is worth doing, and what you give up: failover, channel priority, and providers you add later.

Get started

Available integrations

Send push with Expo through Courier

Prerequisites

Setup

Profile requirements

Send by user id

Send to a recipient

Overrides

Tracking events

Troubleshooting

Could not find APNs credentials

Provider details

Send to a specific provider

​Prerequisites

​Setup

​Profile requirements

Send by user id

​Send to a recipient

​Overrides

​Tracking events

​Troubleshooting

​Could not find APNs credentials

​Provider details

Send to a specific provider

Prerequisites

Setup

Profile requirements

Send to a recipient

Overrides

Tracking events

Troubleshooting

Could not find APNs credentials

Provider details